Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Microparticle Gel Systems for Controlled Topical Delivery of Benzoyl Peroxide in Acne Vulgaris: A Quality by Design Approach

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is often treated with topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO). However, conventional BPO formulations are associated with skin irritation, poor stability, and limited drug retention. Chitosan-based microparticles have emerged as a promising controlled drug delivery system owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioadhesive properties, and sustained drug release characteristics. This review highlights recent advances in the development of benzoyl peroxide-loaded chitosan microparticles, emphasizing ionotropic gelation as an effective preparation technique and the application of Quality by Design (QbD) for formulation optimization. The review also discusses the physicochemical characterization, drug release kinetics, incorporation into topical gel formulations, and stability evaluation. Despite significant progress, challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, long-term stability, and clinical translation remain. Overall, chitosan-based microparticle gels represent a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and patient compliance of topical acne treatment, while future research should focus on advanced formulation technologies and clinical validation.